Reichardt was born in Potsdam, the youngest of the six children of violinist and composer Franz Benda (1709–1786), who was concert master at the court of Frederick II. Her older sister Maria Caroline Wolf was later also a well-known singer, pianist and composer. She took music lessons from her father and appeared in concerts in Berlin as a singer and pianist. She married writer and composer Johann Friedrich Reichardt in 1776 and had a three children, the second of whom was Louise Reichardt. After her marriage with Johann Friedrich Reichardt, the couple moved to Berlin, from there onwards to Hamburg, Weimar and Königsberg. Juliane Reichardt died of puerperal fever in Berlin.