Born on 23 February 1685 in Halle, Germany, Handel grew up under the watchful eyes of his parents; while his mother nurtured his musical gifts, his father tried to dissuade him from pursuing the dubious occupation of a musician. Following brief law studies at the local university, Handel traveled to Hamburg, where he scraped a living as a back-desk violinst at the opera house and composed his first opera Almira. By late 1706 he decided to travel independently to Italy, where he composed church, secular and theatre music for illustrious patrons in Florence, Rome, Naples, and Venice; he also met numerous Italian composers who significantly influenced his work, such as Arcangelo Corelli, Alessandro Scarlatti, his son Domenico Scarlatti, Giacomo Perti, Bernardo Pasquini, Francesco Gasparini, Antonio Caldara, and many others. Following his fruitful Italian grand tour, Handel returned north of the Alps in early 1710 and accepted an appointment as kapellmeister to the Elector of Hanover. However, by the end of the year, he had arrived in London, where his opera Rinaldo was premiered in 1711. During the 1710s he settled permanently in Britain, writing operas for the Queen's Theatre (renamed the King's Theatre in 1714 after the accession of the Elector of Hanover to the British throne), although for a short while he also composed music for the Earl of Carnarvon's country estate Cannons (including the delightful dramatic masque Acis and Galatea). In 1719 Handel became the music director of the newly-founded Royal Academy of Music, a company organized to establish Italian opera on the London stage; important operas written for this company include Radamisto, Giulio Cesare in Egitto, Tamerlano and Rodelinda. In 1723 Handel moved into a house on Brook Street in Mayfair that would become his home for the rest of his life. Four years later he became a naturalized British citizen, and in October 1727 he provided four anthems for the coronation of George II (including Zadok the Priest, which has been performed at every British coronation since). In 1732 he revived Esther (the first English oratorio), and for the rest of the decade he mixed Italian operas and English-language concert works together in his theatre seasons; during this period many of his finest masterpieces were composed and first performed, including Orlando, Ariodante, Alcina, Alexander's Feast, Saul, the Op. 6 Concerti Grossi and the Miltonic ode L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato. His last Italian operas Imeneo and Deidamia were performed during the 1740-1 season. Handel continued to live a dramatic and productive life during the 1740s, writing diverse works such as Biblical dramatic oratorios (Samson, Belshazzar, Solomon), secular music dramas based on Greek classical tragedies (Semele and Hercules), and patriotic concert works (Judas Maccbaeus). However, life wasn't easy for him. At various times, he was severely criticized by some voices of the English social establishment for his artistic endeavors - some had considered Italian operas ridiculous, but now others believed that presented Biblical concert dramas or musical settings of scripture was profane. For example, his famous oratorio Messiah was enthusiastically received at its première (Dublin, 1742) whereas it became the subject of great controversy following its London début a year later. Furthermore, from summer 1737 he suffered occasional bouts of serious physical illnesses (most likely strokes - although some have speculated that he suffered central nervous system lead poisoning associated with his imbibing of cheap port!). During the later years of his life, he experienced progressively debilitating cataracts, and the ensuing operations to restore his vision left him completely blind (the last English oculist to treat Handel, John Taylor, also unsuccessfully cared for J.S. Bach).